Sunday 30 October 2011

[creative-radio] Radio at the crossroads: Nepal's community radios risk alienating the communities they claims to serve

 

Nation
Radio at the crossroads
Nepal's community radios risk alienating the communities they claims to
serve
ANTHONY WILLE
FROM ISSUE #576 (28 OCT 2011 - 03 NOV 2011)
http://nepalitimes.com/issue/2011/10/28/Nation/18658
Community radio in Nepal is frequently celebrated as a model for radio
broadcasting in South Asia. There are almost 200 licensed community stations
on air across the country, often broadcasting to impoverished and remote
areas. In theory, community radio props up grassroots democracy but there is
a growing gap between the promise and reality of community radio in Nepal.

The phenomenal growth of community radio in Nepal has been without
oversight. Ownership is increasingly dominated by local elite who start
stations in the name of the community. Privileged class and castes and
politically
well-connected males hold licenses through cooperatives or NGOs, whose
limited objectives are often politically motivated, may be out of touch with
the communities they serve.

Publicity is the lifeblood of politicians, and the widespread ownership of
radio sets has naturally made community radio a targeted publicity tool for
politicians. The Community Radio Support Center estimates that political
parties directly or indirectly operate up to 60 per cent of community radios
currently on air. A look at a map of community radios shows clusters of
three or more stations in many areas across the country, an indication of
counterbalancing efforts among the three main parties. Beyond the problem of
the manipulation of news and views that may come with the politicisation of
community media, competition means a push towards larger transmitters.
Increased overhead costs lead to heavier reliance on commercial sources of
revenue and a reorientation of community stations towards the market.

In a market-based model of media sustainability, the sponsors and
advertisers are the buyers while the readers, listeners, and viewers are the
consumers. Buyer demands usually overrule consumer demands, at least as long
as they don't hamper the credibility of a media outlet to the extent that it
turns off the media consumer. But the sustainability of community radio lies
not in commercial sources but in the creation of social capital. When
community stations rely on the market, they risk alienating the community.
Other than profit or non-profit status, there is nothing to distinguish a
community station from a commercial station in Nepal.

Even though many stations broadcast in several languages, the actual amount
of time devoted to local language programming is small. Many programs in
Nepali may not be fully relatable to local language speakers. Where stations
increasingly rely on commercial sources of revenue, this situation is
unlikely to change. Local language programming may have little
attractiveness to advertisers due to a lack of purchasing power among local
language listeners, exposing the market's limitations.

Syndicated programming centrally produced by NGOs and private production
houses comprises a large percentage of community radio airtime. While this
is a way for stations to cut costs and broadcast quality programming, it
does reinforce traditional Kathmandu-centrism, eroding local orientation.

Stations outside of Kathmandu have been shown to have more news programs
than stations established inside the Valley, primarily sourced from content
providers based in Kathmandu and dominated by national politics. As such,
community stations can be said to be as national in outlook as any
commercial station.

Investigative pieces probing local corruption are seldom carried out,
perhaps a result of safety concerns or pandering to political or financial
patrons. While centrally produced programs on crucial issues such as
constitution-making and federalism do incorporate local voices and offer
quality analysis on complex subject matter to resource-strapped stations, it
is clear that some of the most important decisions facing Nepalis are
largely out of the reach of real grassroots participation.

A true community station requires local orientation and community
accountability. Ownership by traditionally dominant local groups and
political parties goes contrary to this ethic. There are numerous community
radios which do exhibit excellent practices, but in many cases the word
"community" has been captured for self-serving ends.

The Community Radio Performance Assessment System, a point-based method of
scoring the "health" of community stations, is now identifying model
community stations while providing incentives and support for stations with
lower scores. Almost half of the total score is devoted to the local
orientation of programming and community ownership and participation. The
results should offer a good baseline from which an appropriate system of
classification, development guidelines, and regulation can evolve in a
sector emerging from its infancy. It is in the effort to reclaim the title
of "community" that democratic processes in community radio can flourish and
community radio can endure as a principal agent of democratisation.

*Anthony Wille is with the Graduate Program in International Affairs, The
New School, New York.*

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Friday 28 October 2011

[creative-radio] Burundi - radio project on transitional justice

*La **Benevolencija*, a Dutch media NGO, is currently developing a new and
innovating media campaign that will accompany the work of the Truth and
Reconciliation Commission in Burundi. The project called *"AKAHISE
KADASORONGOYE"* (the non-composed past) works through and with the media, as
a "tool", to facilitate a network of journalists that are accompanied and
trained throughout the total duration of the T&R period. These journalists
come from a wide variety of separate media with different socio/politico
backgrounds to be integrated into a team. The educational concept draws upon
the "learning by doing" principle and enables different media to deal in a
harmonized, more reflected way, on core issues that can destabilize the
society, by opening up the delicate questions around the truth and
responsibility of the different ethnic-politico conflicts that have
influenced Burundi from its date of independence (1st of July 1961) till
December 2008.

* *

*Radio programs, for whom and for what ?* Based on the political and social
context and findings made in a baseline study carried out in March
2010[1]<https://mail.google.com/mail/html/compose/static_files/blank_quirks.html#_ftn1>,
the AKAHISE KADASORONGOYE approach is centred on three main communication
angles:

*1) **The development of a shared version of history of what happened in
the past: *During the last fifty years, Burundi has never had the
opportunity to discuss within a peaceful setting its own past. The existing
conflicts occupied peoples preoccupations on a day to day basis and a more
distanced reflection, be it at academic level, be it at popular level, did
not take place. Five full years after the transitional government and ten
years after the Arusha agreements, Burundi might be ready to reflect, within
a more peaceful setting, on its past.

*2) **The putting** in place of an adequate non judicial Truth and
Reconciliation Commission program: *In Burundi, the international community
laid out the ground elements to deal with the question of impunity. However,
almost nothing has actually been done to secure truth, justice, reparations
and guarantees of non-recurrence in relation to abuses committed between the
1st of July 1962 (date of independence) and December 2008, i.e. the period
that was characterized by inter-ethnic massacres and reprisals. La
Benevolencija strongly believes that the putting in place of transitional
justice mechanisms needs to be done in an interactive way, involving
directly the views and opinions of the population. Thus the need for more
and better, interactive, media programming to create an enabling society
that can organise a transitional justice process in a constructive and
culturally appropriate way.

*3) **To enhance the possibility of trauma reduction to prevent potential
acts of violence: *Impunity in general is a constant source of frustration
that often leads to serious forms of traumatization for direct and indirect
(second and third generation) victims. The longer individuals suffer of this
lack of justice, sentiments of hate, fear and vengeance tend to dominate the
social landscape and effective ways of reconciling and bringing together old
belligerents are problematic. On the other hand, judicial systems that only
take into account victors' justice only reinforce social injustices and
prejudices that make the traumatic feelings at the root of the conflict go
unchallenged, the more difficult it becomes to build a safer, fairer and
more prosperous country. All these, well known factors of destabilization,
are opened up when a society tries to deal with its crimes from the past.
Previous transitional justice processes in neighboring countries have shown
the problematic relation of keeping societal stability and reconciliation,
within a process of "hearing the truth and punishing the perpetrators". La
Benevolencija wishes to accompany the Burundian population at large and the
victims of group violence in particular, through a well harmonized mass
media campaign, to explain these mechanisms, to avoid unnecessary sentiments
fear and the outbreak of trauma.

*Victims first*

Throughout the implementation of T&R commissions, victims should be the
primary stakeholders, but most often their voices are heard last (or not at
all) in due process. Therefore, special attention is reserved within the
Akahise Kadasorongoye debates on the representation of these victims, as
primary beneficiaries of the TJ process. And within the victims' rights
approach, women victims are particularly encouraged to participate.

The *Akahise Kadasorongoye* radio debates of 45 minutes will accompany a
broad reflection on the implementation processes of the Truth and
Reconciliation Commission. By broadcasting all debates in Kirundi, the
total population of Burundi, will be targeted. Surveys have shown that
combined listenership's of the selected radios stations exceeds to more than
90% of the population. During the proposed time frame of 24 months
(2011-2012- 2013) these weekly debates of 45 minutes are horizontally
broadcasted on the seven main radio broadcasters in Burundi. These partner
radio stations are: Radio Nationale (RTNB), Radio Isanganiro, Radio RPA,
Radio Bonesha, Radio Rema FM, Radio Umuco FM, and Radio Star FM.

* *

*La Benevolencija Burundi*

*Johan Deflander*

*PO Box 7179, Bujumbura, Burundi*

*labenevolencija@gmail.co*

------------------------------

[1]<https://mail.google.com/mail/html/compose/static_files/blank_quirks.html#_ftnref1>We
would be happy to provide you with the full findings of the base line
survey if needed.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

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Wednesday 26 October 2011

[creative-radio] Online Videos - Break Isolation of refugees! Demo in Erfurt 22.10.2011

 

Germany
Online Videos - Break Isolation of refugees! Demo in Erfurt 22.10.2011
http://breakisolation.blogsport.de

Break Isolation! Alle Flüchtlingslager schließen – Residenzpflicht abschaffen

- Break Isolation! Erfurt 22.10.2011
Erfurt 22.10.2011 Meeting and Rally organized by The Voice Refugees' Forum
and the Break Isolation! campaign for the closing of all the Refugees
Lager and the Abolition of the Residenzpflicht, the law restricting the
freedom of movement for the Refugees in Germany.
Claudio F. Globale Festival - Globale Film Festival: Samstag 5.11. Kino 2
16.00 Uhr Hast du jemals in einem Flüchtlingslager gelebt?
http://thevoiceforum.org/node/2289

- Break Isolation! - Demonstration in Erfurt
by filmpiraten

- BREAK ISOLATION Aktionstag in Erfurt!
Refugee Community in Eisenach

video links:
http://breakisolation.blogsport.de

END

Thevoicejena mailing list
Thevoicejena@lists.idash.org
https://lists.idash.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/thevoicejena

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[creative-radio] Fw:URGENT REQUEST: Solidarity messages on the 2nd year anniversary of the Ampatuan Massacre

 

(FW from friend in the Philippines)

Dear friends and colleagues:

The Philippine media has started activities on the month before the second year anniversary of the ghastly Ampatuan Massacre that killed 58 persons, including 33 journalists in November 23, 2009.  It was the greatest politically-related crime in Philippine history and the bloodiest attack against journalists.

If you would remember, AMARC 10 unanimously approved a resolution condemning the massacre and resolved to assist in the global campaign for justice and an end to the impunity.  Last year, AMARC made its voice heard by participating in local activities organized by local media groups and attended by the United Nations and other international media organizations.  

Of the nearly 200 suspected perpetrators, more than half are still roaming free.  Of the six primary suspects, only two have been arraigned.  While the trial has been ongoing for more than a year, it is now hopelessly tied up by highly-paid defense lawyers.  Needless to say, legal justice is still so far in to the future.

Meanwhile, five journalists have been killed related to their work, several have been attacked and are being harassed, and, just today, a provincial radio station has been burned.

In light of these, we urgently ask our AMARC friends and colleagues to reaffirm their support to our struggles here in the Philippines.  

We are asking you to send us one (1) minute recorded audio messages calling for justice for the victims of the Ampatuan massacre, media killings and harassment, and for press freedom in the Philippines.  Kindly include your name/organization/media outfit/country in your recorded messages.  Please send it to kodaophils@gmail.com in mp3 format before November 21.  If you would be sending us recorded messages in languages other than English, kindly attach a written English translation.

All your messages shall be broadcast over DZUP on the week of the massacre's anniversary.  It will also be publicly played on various activities related to the commemoration of the massacre here in the Philippines.

Lastly, Kodao Productions would be participating in the said activities, as a member of the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines--International Federation of Journalists and in coordination with the University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication, the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, the Freedom Fund for Filipino Journalists, the National Press Club, the Broadcasters' Association of the Philippines (Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas), and other organizations.  As last year, we will be submitting to AMARC pictures and reports of these events.

We ask for your prompt and positive response.

Thank you very much.

RAYMUND B VILLANUEVA
Director for Radio, Kodao Productions
Philippines
_______________________________________________
Asiapacific-general mailing list
Asiapacific-general@lists.amarc.org
http://lists.amarc.org/mailman/listinfo/asiapacific-general

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Tuesday 25 October 2011

[creative-radio] les architectes varois (peut on encore dire toulonnais) amibaderbalguillen viguier, et arkinter thibout {etienne} aussi dépassés que mamie bettencourt !

 



cai tan le, , currency referee
l affirmation de la paix est le plus grand des combats
jean jaures stele montpellier herault
asb bank account new zealand 12-3066-0248387 BIC ASBBNZ2A
opened july 9th, 2008, queen street, auckland, new zealand

Flight dispatcher Cecile Minvielle
33 (0)611360909
Hui Min Ren , southern europe 33(0)6 62 07 76 28
english, french, and chinese (spoken), mandarin
4 continents destinations

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Thursday 13 October 2011

[creative-radio] Tom Lodge ex CBC North DJ/manager & Radio Caroline founder, needs help to battle colon cancer

 

A Pirate Radio legend who landed on London's shores to help launch the
world's first music industry college program needs help.

And friends of Tom Lodge, one-time Pirate Radio DJ and music director who
helped found Fanshawe College's music industry arts and now living in
Southern California where he is battling colon cancer are holding a benefit
Sunday to help pay the cost of his naturopathic treatments.

"He was sounding weak when I first talked to him about it several months
ago, but since he started following this treatment program his energy level
has been back to normal, his voice much stronger," said Tom McGuire, 59, a
former student.

McGuire is hoping MIA alumni will turn out for the fundraiser Sunday at the
London Music Club where a variety of musicians will perform from 3 p.m.
until 8 p.m. Scheduled performers include Lodge's son Tom Jr., Brody and
Lionel and many others.

The goal is to raise at least $7,000, the outstanding balance for Lodge's
treatment program.

The colourful and adventurous British-born Lodge, now 75, first came to
Canada in the early 1950s, settling in Hay River, Northwest Territories,
where he worked as a commercial fisherman on Great Slave Lake until he and a
friend got caught on a ice floe. His friend died, but Lodge was rescued and
he wrote his first book about the tragedy.

Lodge then moved to Yellowknife where he worked in a gold mine before
joining the CBC as an announcer, became a station manager then returned to
England as a correspondent, where he took a job as a disc jockey and program
director on Radio Caroline, the radio station built on a ship that sailed
off the coast of England to dodge the BBC's monopoly.

Radio Caroline, on which the movie Pirate Radio is loosely based, was
outlawed a few years later and Lodge came back to Canada to work as a DJ at
CHLO in St. Thomas.

While there, Lodge met senior Fanshawe officials and agreed to open a
Creative Electronics program in 1970. When college budgets tightened a few
years later and refocused on programs that led to jobs, Lodge convinced the
province the program would feed the music industry, changing the name to
Music Industry Arts in 1972, the name that continues today.

In the mid-1970s, Lodge moved to California where he began practising Zen.
He now has an ashram called Stillpoint Zen Community", in the mountains near
Santa Cruz, California, and goes by the name Umi, given to him by his Zen
master.

Lodge wrote a book about his experiences on Radio Caroline titled *The Ship
That Rocked The World*.

Music industry experts say Lodge and others on the ship helped fuel the
British Invasion of North America, exposing the British by giving air times
for songs by then-unknown bands such as the Rolling Stones, The Who, Kinks,
Yardbirds, Animals, Hollies, Cream and others.

"Tom was such an adventurer, such a free spirit," said McGuire.

"But he's always flown under the radar. He'll do something great, then
wander off to the next project. T here is a real lack of recognition for
what this guy has achieved. This guy played a huge role in the development
of the British invasion and the entire Canadian music industry. There are
many music executives out there who got their start at Fanshawe."

E-mail joe.belanger@sunmedia.ca, read Joe's
column<http://www.lfpress.com/comment/columnists/joe_belanger/>or
follow
JoeBatLFPress <http://twitter.com/JoeBatlfpress> on Twitter.

*IF YOU GO *

*What:* Benefit for Tom Lodge, who helped found Fanshawe College's music
industry arts program, to help pay for cancer treatments

*When:* Sunday, 3 p.m. to 8 p.m.

*Where:* London Music Club, 470 Colbourne St.

*Who:* Various artists, open mic

*Admission:* Free

*Donations:* Can be made at the benefit or at http://umiji.org/donations

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

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Sunday 9 October 2011

[creative-radio] #Occupy the Airwaves - the Occupy Wall Street encampment established a microradio station at 107.1 FM.

 

*10/6/11 - Occupy the Airwaves [link to this
story]<http://diymedia.net/archive/1011.htm#100611>
http://diymedia.net/archive/1011.htm#100611
*

Two decades ago, thousands of people took to the air without permission from
the FCC to protest the agency's draconian policies regarding access to the
airwaves. The microradio movement
<http://diymedia.net/feature/micro/>conducted a campaign of electronic
civil disobedience <http://diymedia.net/archive/0811.htm#083111>,
demonstrating that there was plenty of space on the dial for community radio
while illustrating just how enriching local access to the airwaves can be.
The end result of this campaign was the creation of the
LPFM<http://diymedia.net/feature/lpfm/>service.

Today, more than 10 years on from LPFM's inception, unlicensed broadcasting
remains alive and well, although the act is not as explicitly politicized as
it once was.

This could change.

Last week, the Occupy Wall Street <http://occupywallst.org/>
http://occupywallst.org/ encampment established a microradio station at
107.1 FM. The station simulcasts the 24/7 live
stream<http://diymedia.net/archive/0911.htm#092911>which provides
coverage of life inside Zuccotti Park, as well as
street-level reportage of daily protest actions in New York City's financial
district. The growth of the occupation has been impressive, and the
establishment of a microradio station is another step in the action's
evolution.

One idea that's been batted around involves integrating broadcasting into
the occupation's General Assembly <http://nycga.cc/>, which functions as its
governing body. City ordinances forbid the use of amplified sound systems in
the park, which has resulted in the development of a "human
microphone<http://www.thenation.com/blog/163767/we-are-all-human-microphones-now>"
system - speakers talk in sentence-fragments, which are repeated by the
crowd so all can hear the dialogue. While it's a very participatory method
of group communication, it's slow going and not necessarily scalable as the
Assemblies grow.

In this instance, microradio could be employed to provide a non-amplified
public address system - simply plug the speaker's mic into a transmitter.
Radios are cheap, and many smartphones have built-in FM reception
capability. Some involved in the NYC action are
brainstorming<http://mobius1ski.tumblr.com/post/11008451367/radio-occupywallstreet-a-potential-end-run-around>along
these lines.

As more occupations are launched around the nation, their organizers have
taken notes on how Occupy Wall Street has grown. Adding microradio to the
tactical media mix makes lots of sense.

Radio still remains one of the most powerful tools of mass media available;
one need look no further than the right-wing bastion of talk radio which has
done so much to sully political discourse in this country. Microradio is
easily accessible to a large audience and relatively uncomplicated to
deploy<http://diymedia.net/links/lstart.htm>.
Unlike most other tools of protest-media, the critical infrastructure that
makes radio work is pretty much self-contained, which adds to its
reliability.

Microradio is also extremely useful as an outreach tool. The station in
Zuccotti Park broadcasts to the occupation and immediate neighbors, which
can be useful in the maintenance of good community relations. Microradio
stations have been deployed in similar situations, such as festivals,
farmer's markets and picket lines, to extend the reach and impact of such
events beyond their physical presence. In addition, opening up access to the
airwaves in such a public manner helps to demystify the act of broadcasting
and introduce folks to the notion that the airwaves, too, are a public
space.

This leads to the final rationale for incorporating microradio into
occupations - it's an occupation of its own kind. One of the
grievances<http://nycga.cc/2011/09/30/declaration-of-the-occupation-of-new-york-city/>expressed
by Occupy Wall Street directly addresses corporate control of the
media. There is no better way to address that grievance than by becoming the
media directly, and unlicensed broadcasting has a long and storied
history<http://diymedia.net/stuff/acanofworms.pdf>in the United
States. Nothing signifies independent media quite like a
microradio station.

Microradio is no more or less civilly disobedient than taking over and
transforming a public space. Considering that the airwaves are ostensibly
public property, they should be no less off limits in this context than a
park or public right-of-way. Provided they do not interfere with other
broadcasters, the addition of new signals to a local radio dial is
materially non disruptive; what's more, the FCC does not have police powers
(and they also abhor confrontation).

Occupy Wall Street's media team has been integral to sustaining the
encampment, spreading the word, and inspiring others. New and future
occupations are learning much from what's happening in New York, where
they're heavily engaged in multi-platform citizen journalism, utilizing
everything from the newest of new media forms to publishing their own
newspaper <http://www.scribd.com/doc/67436424/Occupied-Wsj> and, of course,
the human microphone. Microradio falls comfortably within this continuum and
can help bootstrap more intensive media efforts.

[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

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[creative-radio] 'Across the Ocean' a new radio station for kids & Radijojo and radio web portal from children for children.

New radio station especially for kids in Europe, Canada and the United
States! This is a special network for kids -- made by kids -- so that kids
in North America and Europe will have the chance to get to know each other
better. The great thing about it is that kids will have their very own
station to express their own views, ideas and concerns.
http://www.across-the-ocean.org/

- - - - - -

*Hello, Salut, Cia, Merhaba, Hola*,
Hello people everywhere in the world
http://www.global-radio-kids.org/
Welcome to the world-wide children's radio network of Radijojo and web
portal from children for children. You can learn, laugh and listen, so
you're protected from stupid commercials, Radijojo is voluntary and
non-profitable.

Radijojo was formed with the help of a child – Jonathan when he was six
years old.

Hey! and the most important thing is that you can join in.

Radijojo is your radio and the more kids that take part, the better the
whole thing will be.
*
**How?*
Well, send us your self written stories, reports, songs, photos, videos,
drawings or paintings – everything you find interesting or you would like
to share to: *redaktion@radijojo.de*
then we can stay on the ball.
* You can make self recorded audio's and send them to us in a MP3 format.
* You can ask your teachers or parents to help you do it.
* If you haven't got the means to record something yourself, we can contact
you with a telephone interview. And if everything else fails. For example,
you have no Internet connection, send us your feature by post, perhaps with
a help organisation like UNICEF.

*Themes: *
All themes are welcome: school day-to-day, life, family life, children's
rights, environment, games, sport, music, animals, jokes, stories – anything
you regard of interest, things you just like, or subjects where you think,
things need to change.

*The rules:*
The rules are easy, but also important:

* Respect for others and for the UN-children's rights
* No glorification of violence or drugs
* No political agitation.
* No prejudice towards people with a different skin colour, religion or
culture.
* No discrimination or insults towards girls, small children or children
with handicaps.

*The handling of data and recordings:*
We won't publish audios or photos against the will of children or their
parents. Naturally, we take utmost care with all received data and
recordings, but if it does turn out that a mistake has been made concerning
any aspect of the procedure then, please contact us, we will then withdraw
the photo or recording in question immediately.

If you are not sure about certain content or don't know how to deal with
certain questions and themes:
Send us a mail – we will of course handle it confidentially. We will then
work closely together with you, on this particular work and future
collaborations. With complicated problems or misgivings we have excellent
connections with children's rights organisations that can offer an advisory
position and confer with us. So here it is again: *redaktion@radijojo.de*

In any case we will check every contribution before we upload it to our
website, to protect against unwanted and stupid suggestions.

Well: have fun and welcome to the World Chlidren's Radio!!
We have designed this extra new for you – and there's lots, lots more to
discover.

It was a hard job – but it was worth it:
*More than 100 countries are on board!*

With some countries we do our own projects. In the others partners like*UNICEF
*, *UNESCO*, and *Plan International* help us.

With some countries like the USA and Canada we've already set up a lot of
connections, look under: *
www.across-the-ocean.org*
<http://www.across-the-ocean.org/>
With other countries the collaboration has just begun and we are happy to
be working together with them.

Radijojo World Children's Radio Network is our present to you. With this you
have a strong voice – worldwide. That means you have lots of chances, but
also there is a lot of responsibility involved - for you and us.

But it will be a lot of fun and can change the course of the world.

So: Let's make something out of this. OK, let´s go!

*Your Thomas Röhlinger*
Founder and chief editor
Radijojo World Children's Radio Network


*For parents, teachers, community radio producers and media educators:
*
RADIJOJO is guided in its work on a number of key principles of
internationally recognized organisations. These include first:

* UN: Rights of the Child Convention

* UN: Human Rights Charter

Contentually, we are working both in Germany and worldwide in the context of
Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) of the UNESCO.

Education for sustainable development is teaching children, adolescents and
adults sustainable thinking and action. It puts people in a position to make
decisions for the future and assess the impact of their own actions on
future generations, or life in other world religions.

This includes knowledge about:
global connections and challenges such as climate change and global justice;
the complex economic, environmental and social causes of these problems.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

------------------------------------

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